The full text of this monograph is available here in Adobe Acrobat PDF format
Social Security, in 1935, was intended to provide for elderly individuals without adequate sources of income. And it has a “progressive” benefit schedule that replaces a higher percentage of past earnings for those with low past earnings than for those with high past earnings. For both these reasons, the U.S. Social Security system was thought to redistribute income from rich to poor--until recently, that is. Several research teams recently developed data and models that show a more complete picture of how much the U.S. Social Security system actually redistributes income.
It is important to know as much as possible about how the current Social Security system redistributes money in practice and to whom. It may never be ascertained how much Social Security really helps the poor, or indeed whether it redistributes money toward people who are already well-to-do. But society needs to make informed choices. Therefore, this monograph does not try to provide final answers to the questions about the actual level of redistribution within the Social Security system. Instead, the authors review the many factors that might affect the measure of redistribution and how recent studies have dealt with these issues. The point is not to provide a critical review of past studies or to point out any bias in their results but rather to explain how these factors affect redistribution and how the gaps in knowledge might affect an understanding of redistribution. The authors also show how other considerations might affect the analysis. Along the way, they highlight what needs to be known: what kind of information might cause the system to look more progressive (or at least less regressive)?
Don Fullerton is the Addison Baker Duncan Centennial Professor of Economics at the University of Texas–Austin. Brent Mast is a statistician at the U.S. Department of Justice.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. The Social Security System
- Taxes
- Coverage
- Tax Rate
- Income Subject to Taxation
- Tax Incidence
- Income Taxes
- Benefits
- Retirement Age
- Eligibility
- Benefit Formula
- Distribution of Benefits
III. Differences in Studies That Measure Redistribution
- Data
- Aggregate versus Microdata
- Data Sets in Micro Simulation Studies
- Measures of Redistribution
- Income Comparisons
- Absolute Redistribution Measures
- Relative Redistribution Measures
IV. Seven Factors That Affect Redistribution
- Differences in Mortality
- Mortality and Socioeconomic Status
- Mortality and Social Security Redistribution Studies
- Income Measures
- Aggregate versus Individual Income
- Annual versus Lifetime Income
- Covered Earnings versus Total Earnings
- Own Benefits versus Spouse and Survivor Benefits
- Individual versus Family Income
- Potential versus Actual Income
- Gross versus Net Income
- Cost of Living
- Social Security Taxes
- Coverage
- Tax Rate
- Amount of Income Subject to Taxation
- Discount Rate
- Retirement Age
- Age of Eligibility
- Retirement Trend
- Retirement and Socioeconomic Status
- Retirement and Social Security Policy
- Retirement Ages in Redistribution Studies
- Cohort Analyzed
- Coverage
- Net Benefits
- Social Security Policy, SES, and Progressivity
- Behavioral Effects
- Earning
- Retirement Age
- Saving
- Resources Devoted to Obtaining Net Transfer
- General Equilibrium Effects
- Uncertainty
V. Conclusions
Notes
References
About the authors |
