What is the proper role of competition in health care markets? On July 23, 2004, the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice jointly issued a major report, Improving Health Care: A Dose of Competition. The report, which followed nine months of hearings held during February–October 2003, systematically surveys the performance of the health care marketplace and identifies a number of barriers to more effective competition. Many of the recommendations are aimed at federal and state government agencies. They encourage increased antitrust scrutiny of the activities of provider networks, hospitals, group-purchasing organizations, and insurance and pharmaceutical companies. David A. Hyman, a professor at the University of Illinois, was the project leader and principal author of the report. At this AEI event, he will discuss "lessons learned" in assessing the role of competition in U.S. health care.