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The scope of racially polarized voting is not confined to the Section 5 states or to the South, but indeed occurs in places such as Wisconsin. During the 2002 federal trial to establish new state Assembly boundaries for the Badger State, the well-regarded University of Wisconsin political scientist David Canon entered testimony on behalf of plaintiffs arguing for the existence of racially polarized voting and significant differences in African-American versus Anglo participation in Milwaukee. The following data and analysis are drawn from Canon’s reports and affidavits.

Charles S. Bullock III is the Richard B. Russell Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia. Ronald K. Gaddie is a professor of political science at the University of Georgia.