Charles Murray's survey of human excellence, Human Accomplishment, shows that women won 2 percent of the Nobel Prizes in the sciences from 1901 to 1950 and again from 1951 to 2000. Today, women scientists are more likely to receive recognition, and a growing number are winning major prizes and heading significant scientific institutes. This year, a record number of women won Nobels in the sciences--two in physiology/medicine, one in chemistry, and one in economics. Studies that show women lagging in the sciences have spawned vigorous debate about whether women face a hostile environment in science and whether we need government involvement to prevent gender bias in the sciences. In 2007, Christina Hoff Sommers brought a group of scholars to AEI to discuss the controversies. What are the causes of the numerical disparities? Sommers's edited collection, The Science on Women and Science, available soon from the AEI Press, provides some answers.